The influence of substrate surface roughness on microstrip transmission line loss using conventional analyses and length‐scale fractal analysis

Two components of conductor topography can impact conductor loss for signals in the GHz frequency range: conductor–ceramic interface roughness and conductor edge angle. This study is an experimental investigation of the influence of these conductor topographies on conductor loss in microstrip circuits produced by thick‐film technology. The aluminum nitride ceramic substrates have different surface roughnesses due to different surface finish processes. The substrate surfaces were characterized using conventional and length‐scale fractal analysis. The conductor–ceramic interface was measured with a contact profilometer. The conductor edge angle and conductor edge profile were measured optically. It was found that there is a direct correlation between conductor loss and conductor edge angle, whereas there is an inverse correlation between loss and substrate roughness or relative length of the conductor–ceramic interface. This is the opposite result to the conventional expectation of surface roughness effects on conductor loss. There is also a negative correlation between conductor edge angle and surface roughness or relative length. The loss behavior can be explained by the interaction of the conductor paste with the surfaces during processing. The paste tends to spread more on the smoother surfaces, and thus creates an elongated edge of diminishing cross‐section and a small edge angle. This leads to greater conductor loss. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nb3Sn卢瑟福电缆复合导体稳定性分析

超高磁场全身核磁共振成像仪能显著提高信噪比和空间分辨率,有助于对病人的诊断.超导磁体是超高磁场核磁共振成像仪的基础,而导体是超导磁体设备研制的关键技术之一.设计了一种基于Nb_3Sn超导线的复合导体,本文对设计的复合导体建立一维失超传播模型,并对导体的失超传播特性进行了分析.分析结果表明:导体的最小失超能与扰动范围、扰动时长和运行电流有关;扰动能量越大,失超传播速度越快;运行电流越大,失超传播速度越快.     

Shelf-Life Stability of Ready-to-Use Green Rooibos Iced Tea Powder—Assessment of Physical,Chemical, and Sensory Properties

Green rooibos extract (GRE), shown to improve hyperglycemia and HDL/LDL blood cholesterol, has potential as a nutraceutical beverage ingredient. The main bioactive compound of the extract is aspalathin, a C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone. The study aimed to determine the effect of common iced tea ingredients (citric acid, ascorbic acid, and xylitol) on the stability of GRE, microencapsulated with inulin for production of a powdered beverage. The stability of the powder mixtures stored in semi-permeable (5 months) and impermeable (12 months) single-serve packaging at 30 °C and 40 °C/65% relative humidity was assessed. More pronounced clumping and darkening of the powders, in combination with higher first order reaction rate constants for dihydrochalcone degradation, indicated the negative effect of higher storage temperature and an increase in moisture content when stored in the semi-permeable packaging. These changes were further increased by the addition of crystalline ingredients, especially citric acid monohydrate. The sensory profile of the powders (reconstituted to beverage strength iced tea solutions) changed with storage from a predominant green-vegetal aroma to a fruity-sweet aroma, especially when stored at 40 °C/65% RH in the semi-permeable packaging. The change in the sensory profile of the powder mixtures could be attributed to a decrease in volatile compounds such as 2-hexenal, (Z)-2-heptenal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-decenal associated with “green-like” aromas, rather than an increase in fruity and sweet aroma-impact compounds. Green rooibos extract powders would require storage at temperatures ≤ 30 °C and protection against moisture uptake to be chemically and physically shelf-stable and maintain their sensory profiles.     

先进超导导体测试装置设计分析

针对聚变工程大型超导导体样品在高场下的性能测试需求,设计了内径0.6m、磁场13T的背景磁体系统。磁体系统由6层12个分离式超导线圈组成,线圈采用常规的螺线管结构,由外至内分别使用NbTi、Nb₃Sn和YBCO三种超导材料绕制而成;在直径500mm的测试区域范围内产生最高达13.22T的背景磁场,均匀性不低于95%。介绍了磁体线圈主要设计参数,用有限元软件完成电磁、结构分析。结果表明,设计合理可靠,能够满足导体测试装置的需求。     

分裂导线自阻尼振动特性研究

为了掌握线路的振动状态,确定线路抗振能力,保证线路安全,需要明确架空输电导线的风致振动响应．本文针对江苏境内某特高压工程LGJ-630/45型导线,建立其振动控制能量平衡方程,编制了Fortran程序以高效准确地求解该超越方程,计算分析了单导线及四种分裂导线微风振动状态下的振动及耗能特性．结果表明,单导线在风振平衡点处的双振幅最大值在最低频率上,约为导线直径的两倍;四种分裂导线风振平衡点处的幅值在15Hz附近达到最大值;导线单位长度功耗在60Hz附近达到最高,功耗能力在较低频域(10Hz~20Hz)上较弱,在较高频域(30Hz~80Hz)较强;导线分裂数越大,分裂导线的振幅越小,八分裂导线的防振消振效果相对最好;四种分裂导线在在10Hz~20Hz频域振动幅值大而单位功耗水平低,因此10Hz~20Hz频段是分裂导线的危险频段,防振措施应该针对这一频段设置．研究方法与成果为LGJ-630/45导线的抗振设计提供了科学依据．     

具有本征低晶格热导率的硫化银快离子导体的热电性能

硫化银(Ag_2S)是一种典型的快离子导体材料,前期关于Ag_2S的研究主要集中在光电和生物等领域.最近的研究表明, a-Ag_2S具有和金属一样的良好延展性和变形能力.但是, Ag_2S的热电性能尚无公开报道.本工作合成了单相Ag_2S化合物,系统研究了其在300—600 K范围的物相变化、离子迁移特性和电热输运性质.研究发现, Ag_2S在300—600 K温度区间表现出半导体的电输运性质.由于单斜-体心立方相晶体结构转变, Ag_2S的离子电导率、载流子浓度、迁移率、电导率、泽贝克系数等性质在455 K前后出现急剧变化.在550 K, Ag_2S的功率因子最高可达5μW·cm~(–1)·K~(–2). Ag_2S在300—600 K温度区间均表现出本征的低晶格热导率(低于0.6 W·m~(–1)·K~(–1)). S亚晶格中随机分布的类液态Ag离子是导致b-Ag_2S体心立方相具有低晶格热导率的主要原因.在573 K, Ag_2S的热电优值可达0.55,与Ag_2Se, Ag_2Te, CuAgSe等已报道的Ag基快离子导体热电材料的性能相当.     

Detailed Description of Pulse Isotopic Exchange Method for Analyzing Oxygen Surface Exchange Behavior on Oxide Ion Conductors

A novel pulse ¹⁸O-¹⁶O isotopic exchange (PIE) technique for measurement of the rate of oxygen surface exchange of oxide ion conductors was presented. The technique employs a continuous flow packed-bed micro-reactor loaded with the oxide powder. The isothermal response to an ¹⁸O-enriched pulse passing through the reactor, thereby maintaining chemical equilibrium, is measured by on-line mass spectrometry. Evaluation of the apparent exchange rate follows from the uptake of ¹⁸O by the oxide at given reactor residence time and surface area available for exchange. The developed PIE technique is rapid, simple and highly suitable for screening and systematic studies. No rapid heating/quenching steps are required to facilitate ¹⁸O tracer anneal or analysis, as in other commonly used techniques based upon oxygen isotopic exchange. Moreover, the relative distribution of the oxygen isotopologues ¹⁸O₂, ¹⁶O¹⁸O, and ¹⁶O₂ in the effluent pulse provides insight into the mechanism of the oxygen exchange reaction. The PIE technique has been demonstrated by measuring the exchange rate of selected oxides with enhanced oxide ionic conductivity in the range of 350?900 oC. Analysis of the experimental data in terms of a model with two consecutive, lumped steps for the isotopic exchange reaction shows that for mixed conductors Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3-δ(BSCF) and La₂NiO_4+δ the reaction is limited by the apparent rate of dissociative adsorption of O₂ molecules at the oxide surface. For yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), a change-over takes place, from rate-limitations by oxygen incorporation below ∽800 oC to rate-limitations by O₂ dissociative adsorption above this temperature. Good agreement is obtained with exchange rates reported for these materials in literature.     

Synergy of Single‐ion Conductive and Thermo‐responsive Copolymer Hydrogels Achieving Anti‐Arrhenius Ionic Conductivity

Artificial intelligence sensations have aroused scientific interest from electronic conductors to bio‐inspired ionic conductors. The conductivity of electrons decreases with increasing temperature, while the ionic conductivity agrees with an Arrhenius equation or a modified Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF) equation. Herein, thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropyl amide) (PNIPAm) and single‐ion‐conducting poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic lithium salt) (PAMPSLi) were copolymerized via a facile radical polymerization to demonstrate a very intriguing anti‐Arrhenius ionic conductivity behaviour during thermally induced volume‐phase transition. These smart hydrogels presented very promising scaffolds for architecting flexible, wearable or advanced functional ionic devices.     

Perovskite-type Ba0.5Sr0.5Al0.1Fe0.9O3-δ as Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode

A cobalt-free perovskite-type Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Al_0.1Fe_0.9O_3-δ (BSAF) is developed and electro-chemically studied as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode. The structures, electrical con-ductivity, and electrode polarizations in symmetrical cell based on mixed ion conducting electrolyte were investigated, respectively. The temperature dependence of conductivity of BSAF in air shows a typical semiconductor behavior with positive temperature coefficient up to 450 oC where the conductivity reaches 14.0 S/cm while above this temperature the negative temperature coefficient dominates the total conductivity. Electrochemical charac-terizations show desirable polarization resistance of BSAF cathode in a symmetric cell based on mixed ion conducting electrolyte at 650-700 oC. A single SOFC with BSAF cathode shows OCV of 1.0 V and maximum output of 420 mW/cm₂ at 700 oC with humidified hydrogen fuel and static air oxidant.     

NASICON-based H2 Sensor Using CoCrMnO4 Insensitive Reference Electrode and Buried Au Sensing Electrode

This work focuses on the H2 sensing performance of the sensor with buried Au sensing electrode and spi- nel-type oxide CoCrMnO4 insensitive reference electrode within sodium super ionic conductor（NASICON） film. The sensor showed the highest response to H2 gas on the insensitive material sintering at 800 ~C. Compared with those of the traditional structure device, the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor using buried sensing electrode were greatly improved, giving a response of-177 mV in 9x10 5 g/L H2, which was about 3.5 times higher than that of sensors with traditional structure. Moreover, the AV value of the sensing device exhibited linear relationship to the logarithm of H2 concentration and the sensitivity（slope） was -135 mV/decade. A sensing mechanism related to the mixed potential was proposed for the present sensor.